Chapter 6: Commonalities and Variations
Civilizations of Africa. The Nile provided a source of life for all the people that lived around it. It provided water for agriculture but was not the only way to farm agriculturally. There was often rainstorms. For 1000 years, the Coptic form of religion dominated the area. Axum was a very wealthy state and the plow was used to increase the productivity of agriculture. Was dominated by Christians. Along the Niger River, Niger valley civilization had no corresponding state structure. Had complex urban centers that operated without authority of a state. A form of trade in labor was used with different authority groups and specialized economic groups.
Civilizations of mesoamerica. The Maya, 250-900 BCE, Had many great structures like periods and different urban centers. They learned mathematics and studied astronomy. Their politics weren't like imperial states like Romans or China. Instead, they were competing for city-states. Due to overpopulation, warfare and much more there was a sudden collapse after B.C.E. Teotihuacan, at the height had around 200,000 people and was the most popular city at the time. The city was massive with huge plazas and enough room for all of the citizens.
Civilizations of the Andes. Chavin, 900 B.C.E., this was the first civilization of the Andes. Had a population of 2-3000 people. The elite had stone homes and the commoner had adobe homes, there was a religion that had a large temple. They linked all trade routes. Moche, on the Pacific coast, very popular along the rivers that flowed into the ocean. They would fish and would farm. Large elite warrior priests and fine craftsmen were higher up in society. Wari and Tiwanaku, both of these civilizations were coastal cities with colonies in the lowlands. Major differences and were almost nothing alike but rarely fought between the two. Tiwanaku became famous for their stone walls who's the Wari were famous for their temples and tombs. Incas later used their roads and their styles of dressing.
Alternatives to civilization. Bantu Africa, Began around 3000 B.C.E., came from Cameroon and from Nigeria. Bantu had lots of great things going for them, lots of population, didn't have many diseases and had a large number of resources. Bantu did not have any god. Less of a patriarchy and they were fairly equal. Localized not universal faiths and rituals. North America, introduced maze, but this was not easily grown in the desert. This was a slow start to their agriculture. Chaco Phenomenon, 860-1130 C.E. became a center for trade and had roadways. Among the elite, there was astronomers and these people constructed observatories. Hopewell culture has huge structures and this is what is most interesting, very complex social society and very culturally diverse.
Pacific Oceania, had many small societies across many islands in the Pacific near Australia and south-east China. Densely populated islands had a very complex society. Despite the small number of Oceania people, they spoke ver 100s of languages on the small island chain of Melanesian Vanuatu alone.
Civilizations of mesoamerica. The Maya, 250-900 BCE, Had many great structures like periods and different urban centers. They learned mathematics and studied astronomy. Their politics weren't like imperial states like Romans or China. Instead, they were competing for city-states. Due to overpopulation, warfare and much more there was a sudden collapse after B.C.E. Teotihuacan, at the height had around 200,000 people and was the most popular city at the time. The city was massive with huge plazas and enough room for all of the citizens.
Civilizations of the Andes. Chavin, 900 B.C.E., this was the first civilization of the Andes. Had a population of 2-3000 people. The elite had stone homes and the commoner had adobe homes, there was a religion that had a large temple. They linked all trade routes. Moche, on the Pacific coast, very popular along the rivers that flowed into the ocean. They would fish and would farm. Large elite warrior priests and fine craftsmen were higher up in society. Wari and Tiwanaku, both of these civilizations were coastal cities with colonies in the lowlands. Major differences and were almost nothing alike but rarely fought between the two. Tiwanaku became famous for their stone walls who's the Wari were famous for their temples and tombs. Incas later used their roads and their styles of dressing.
Alternatives to civilization. Bantu Africa, Began around 3000 B.C.E., came from Cameroon and from Nigeria. Bantu had lots of great things going for them, lots of population, didn't have many diseases and had a large number of resources. Bantu did not have any god. Less of a patriarchy and they were fairly equal. Localized not universal faiths and rituals. North America, introduced maze, but this was not easily grown in the desert. This was a slow start to their agriculture. Chaco Phenomenon, 860-1130 C.E. became a center for trade and had roadways. Among the elite, there was astronomers and these people constructed observatories. Hopewell culture has huge structures and this is what is most interesting, very complex social society and very culturally diverse.
Pacific Oceania, had many small societies across many islands in the Pacific near Australia and south-east China. Densely populated islands had a very complex society. Despite the small number of Oceania people, they spoke ver 100s of languages on the small island chain of Melanesian Vanuatu alone.
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